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Responding to the major society shifts, aftermaths of wars, and technological innovations, 20th century design movements were defined by upheavals. Art, design, theater and performances were all affected by the changes happening in the world. Painters, sculptors, and designers used their skills to document such events and to implement new aesthetic ideas and styles which began to treat form, material, and technology in a completely new way. As recorders of time, 20th century design movements responded to the machine age of the 1920s society and started to produce design pieces influenced by the invention of mass-produced materials. After the wars, the need for a more humanist approach to the world influenced the embrace of natural materials and handmade objects. It became visible, very early on, that design was not only beautiful pieces decorating the homes but an important archive for the understanding of the time and its changes.
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Sir Terence Conran has had more impact than any other designer of his generation on everyday life in Britain. Unlike the relatively rigid visual language of contemporary Cubist art, Surrealist art was much more organic and freeform, putting the emphasis on symbolism and content rather than form. Although Art Deco fell out of fashion somewhat during World War II, it saw a resurgence from the late 1960s onwards, and continues to inspire decorative arts, fashion and jewellery to this day. The groovy curves, heavy line weights and lack of structure evoked a laid-back attitude which perfectly paired with the decade.
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In fact, it wasn’t until 1922 that the term “graphic design” even came into existence. Coined by book designer William Addison Dwiggins, the term appeared in his essay “New Kind of Printing Calls for New Design” to explain how he organized and managed visuals in his work. Bauhaus style is quite versatile and it can be used for any industry — restaurants and bars, interior and architectural bureaus, real estate agencies, furniture showrooms, etc. Use it to add a “vintage” vibe to your designs for eye-catching posters, flyers, catalogs, and business cards. Robert Irwin and Mary Corse both moved away from notions of gesture in the 1960s and began independently creating paintings that innovatively explored the effects of light while continuing to work with pigment and canvas.
Mid-century modernism: 15 iconic examples
Works that were dismissed in the press as “Californian - of no significance at al” went on to see critical acclaim and have an enduring influence to this today. Joseph Albers is best known during his time in the Bauhaus school for his glass pictures in 1928, which utilized glass fragments. His process consisted of sandblasting the glass, painting it in thin layers and baking in a kiln to create a glowing surface.
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In the same way, all the designs you create today are shaping the artworks of future generations. That’s why modern designers and creators must know where their design originates from, and what kind of visual aesthetics they lay down for works of other artists. Also, being able to use various design styles gives you more creative freedom, allowing you to mix and match different elements to create your own recognizable style.
As the Barons continue, "These works challenge our assumptions about ordinary reality to a point where, using our perceptual, sensory-motor apparatus, we try to disambiguate forms as they appear to morph before our eyes." Following this decision, Mies van der Rohe, Gropius, the Albers and many others within the Bauhaus school fled to the United States, where they continued to have a profound and lasting influence on 20th-century art and design. Scholarship has and continues to celebrate Charles and Ray’s work through monographs and new exhibitions that explore the legacy of this dynamic and influential designer duo. Beginning in the 1940s, the Abstract Expressionism movement fuelled the development of modern art as we know it during the following decade. New York was the hub, and prominent artists such as Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline and Mark Rothko led the way.
Architecture has reinvented itself so often that the moment a style gains traction, it seems to almost disappear under the criticism of another jockey who claims to have figured out what the next style should be. It’s hard to be an architect who doesn’t face the competition of time that forces the biggest names to tread water in a recursive wave that never stops crashing. Two of the leading proponents of Futurism, Umberto Boccioni and Antonio Sant'Elia, were killed in combat in 1916.
How to use principles of Minimalism for modern businesses
Expressionism and Futurism would have a noticeable influence on the art produced in the school alongside its specific style of geometric design that at times resembled Cubism. Gropius remained as director for nine years and steered the Bauhaus school into developing a cohesive style, though that was not his original intention. Starting in 1925, Gropius oversaw the school’s move to Dessau, allowing the opportunity for the principles of Bauhaus to manifest in the school’s physical space. Gropius designed the Bauhaus Building and several other buildings for the new campus. A Message to ShareThe Eames' furniture, especially elegant office chairs such as the Lounge and Aluminium Series, now seem synonymous with mid-20th century Corporate America.
Examples of Art Nouveau art
Minimalism emerged in the 20th century and is still going strong, even after 100 years. Its central thesis, “Less is more,” was formulated by the architect Mies Van Der Rohe, one of the patriarchs of Modernism in architecture and design. Basically, Suprematism is not about visual style; it’s a philosophy that celebrates “the supremacy of pure artistic feeling” over the realistic depiction of objects. Suprematism principles liberated artists from limitations that pre-determined the ideal structure of life and art. Fine art became a major offering at the school in 1927 with a free painting class offered by Paul Klee and Wassily Kandinsky. Instruction focused less on function (like so many Bauhaus offerings) and more on abstraction.
Hard edges, simple forms and clean lines dominated in primarily two-dimensional graphic artworks. Founded in Italy in the early 20th century, Futurism attempted to capture the pace, vitality and restlessness of modern life through highly expressive artwork that ultimately glorified war, Fascism and the machine age. Post-1912 this evolved into Synthetic Cubism, where multiple forms are combined within the increasingly colourful artworks, which made use of collage techniques to explore texture. The visual language defined by Braque and Picasso was later embraced by many other painters, and also influenced sculptors and architects such as Le Corbusier.
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Likewise, Tony Smith's Die (1963) consists of a six-foot-square steel cube placed directly on the gallery floor, emphasizing the materiality of the sculpture as an object rather than an artwork set upon a pedestal. As such, the artist advocated that the true meaning of art did not reside in the isolated sculptural form, but in the relationship created between context, viewer and object. That first US Navy order enabled the Eames to rent an office on Santa Monica Boulevard in 1942, where they established their studio, and to gather talented staff including Harry Bertoia (who had designed Ray's wedding ring), and Gregory Ain. Continuing their experiments, they produced sculpture, chairs, screens, tables and even toy animals in moulded plywood. All the Eames' plywood designs combined an elegant organic aesthetic with a love of materials and technical ingenuity. George Nelson, head designer at Herman Miller, the US furniture group, persuaded the company to put some of the Eames’ designs into production.
In addition to a focus on advanced technology, designers of the current era continue to experiment with aesthetics. Electronic music in 2010 and 2011 inspired the popular vaporwave aesthetic, which is characterized by warm gradients, vintage iconography and sunny imagery. We have also seen nostalgia marketing come into play, indicating our longing for a simpler time before wi-fi became essential for survival.
Global economic instability over the past decade has forced individuals and brands to reconsider how they consume. Combine this with ever-falling prices in technology, and you have a new creative manufacturing economy. The creative economy changed radically this millennium, as open source software, 3D printing and other constantly-evolving technologies put design and production in consumers' hands, with big consequences for creatives. This fuels consumer desire to see, understand and appreciate what has gone into the making of a product or service. Facing an ever-changing marketplace, consumers are finding reassurance in heritage brands that have survived the test of time - which is at the heart of the so-called retro design trend.
Here, as in the free-standing works, the activation of space around the object is transformative to the environment in which they are located. Among the primary ideas that distinguished the achievements of the Light and Space artists were the embrace of non-traditional artistic media. A quick survey of works consisting of glass, resin, natural and artificial light, supports this notion. However, it is important to recognize the artists' intentions providing the driving force behind the adoption of such materials. The goal of these artists was not to simply create a new style of art object, but to create a new kind of viewing experience. This is perhaps most evident in the creation of "immersive environments," which engage the viewer's entire body and sense of perception through the manipulation of light, shadow and space.
Pioneering site-specific installations and immersive environments, the Light and Space movement also influenced successive generations of artists. Similar ideas of color and perception have provided a conceptual basis of experimentation for a group of abstract color theory artists, including Frederick Spratt, David Simpson, Anne Appleby, and Phil Sims. Beginning in the 1980s through today, a second generation of artists continue the legacy of the Light and Space movement through their own diverse intellectual philosophies and aesthetic approaches. Of increasing influence and rising stature in the 2010s are the likes of Gisela Colon, Tara Donovan, Spencer Finch, Rafael Lozano-Hemmer, Andy Moses (son of "Cool School" artist Ed Moses), and Phillip K. Smith III.
In the decades following its closure, the influence of the Bauhaus would travel as far as its former faculty members, many of whom were forced to flee Europe as the stultifying effects of Fascism took hold. After his relocation to the United States in 1937, Gropius taught at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, and was seen as vital in introducing International Style architecture to America and the Anglophone world. So too was Mies van der Rohe, who arrived in the U.S.A in the same year as Gropius, becoming Director of the College of Architecture, Planning, and Design at the Illinois Institute of Technology. Four years earlier, Josef Albers had been appointed head of the painting programme at the legendary Black Mountain College in North Carolina, where his students included Robert Rauschenberg and Cy Twombly.
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